PKN SEBAGAI PENDIDIKAN DEMOKRASI
Zamroni (2001) dalam bukunya Pendidikan untuk demokrasi Tantangan Menuju Civil Society, berpendapat bahwa Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan adalah pendidikan demokrasi yang bertujuan untuk mempersiapkan warga masyarakat berpikir kritis dan bertindak demokratis, melalui aktivitas menanamkan kesadaran kepada generasi baru kesadaran bahwa demokrasi adalah bentuk kehidupan masyarakat yang paling menjamin hak-hak warga masyarakat. Demokrasi adalah suatu learning process yang tidak dapat begitu saja meniru dari masyarakat lain. Kelangsungan demokrasi tergantung pada kemampuan mentransformasikan nilai-nilai demokrasi.
Selain itu, Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan adalah suatu proses yang dilakukan oleh lembaga pendidikan di mana seseorang mempelajari orientasi, sikap dan prilaku politik sehingga yang bersangkutan memiliki political knowledge, awareness, attitude, political efficacy dan political participation serta kemampuan mengambil keputusan politik secara rasional dan menguntungkan bagi dirinya juga bagi masyarakat dan bangsa.
CONCEPTS AT THE CORE OF EDUCATION FOR CITIZENSHIP
IN A DEMOCRACY (THE CIVIC KNOWLEDGE COMPONENT)
1. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY (REPUBLICANISM)
a. Popular sovereignty (government by consent of the governed, the people),
b. Representation and accountability in a government of, by, and for the people
c. Free, fair, and competitive elections of representatives in government
d. Comprehensive eligibility (hal memenuhi syarat) to participate freely to vote and campaign in elections
e. Inclusive access to participate freely to promote personal and common interests
f. Majority rule of the people for the common good
2. CONSTITUTIONALISM
a. Rule of law in the government, society, and economy
b Limited and empowered government to secure (menjamin)rights of the people
c. Separation and sharing of powers in government
d. Independent judiciary with power of judicial or constitutional review
3. RIGHTS (LIBERALISM)
a. Human rights/constitutional rights
b. Political rights
c. Personal or private rights
d. Economic, social, cultural, and environmental rights
e. Rights associated with negative and positive constitutionalism
4. CITIZENSHIP
a. Membership in a people based on legal qualifications of citizenship
b. Rights, responsibilities, and roles of citizenship
c. Civic identity and other types of identity (e.g., ethnic, racial, religious)
d. Rights of individual citizens and rights of groups of citizens
5. CIVIL SOCIETY (FREE AND OPEN SOCIAL SYSTEM)
a. Voluntary membership in non-governmental organizations/civil associations
b. Freedom of association, assembly, and social choice
c. Pluralism/mulfi:ple and overlapping group memberships and identities
d. Social regulation for the common good (rule of law, customs, traditions, virtues)
6. MARKET ECONOMY (FREE AND OPEN ECONOMIC SYSTEM)
a. Freedom of exchange and economic choice
b. Freedcm to cwn and use property for personal gain
c. Economic regviation for the common good (rule of law, customs, traditions, virtues)
7. TYPES OF PUBLIC ISSUES
a. Majority rule and minority rights (limits on majorities and minoril.tes/individuals)
b. Liberty and equality (combining negative and positive constitutionalism)
c. Liberty and order (lirrlts on power and on liberty to achieve security for rights)
d. Individual interests and the common good (limits of personal and public choice)
e. Unity and diversity (conjoining civic identity with sociai/cultural identities)
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